TNF and atrial fibrillation: Degenerative NP and AF produce numerous proinflammatory factors including interleukins (IL) −1α, −1β, −2, −4, −6, −8, −10, interferon‐γ, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and prostaglandin E2.51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 Later, chemokine secretion drives specific recruitment and activation of immune cells to the degenerative IVD (eg, CCL5—macrophage/eosinophil recruitment, CCL2—monocyte recruitment, CCL3 and CCL4—macrophage recruitment.51, 59).