TNF and atrial fibrillation: Link N decreased the expression of SP (TAC1), and the receptor for SP, TAC1R, nociceptive factors shown to be upregulated by inflammatory cytokines in IVD cells.47 The inflammatory cytokine, TNF‐α, has also been purported to upregulate factors associated with discogenic pain in IVD cells.46 Our data indicate that Link N can inhibit the upregulation of NTs and their receptors in human AF cells following TNF‐α exposure.