We find the adenocarcinoma-shared deletions of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38-encoding MAPK14 and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21-encoding CDKN1A on 6p and amplifications of the Rad51 associated protein-encoding RAD51AP1 and the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog-encoding KRAS on the 12p encode—together but not separately—for transformation via the Ras signaling pathway (Fig. 3). Here, KRAS is linked to adenocarcinoma.