TGFB1 and neoplasm: In addition to the direct regulation of immune cell infiltration into the TME, FAP+ CAFs may also have a pivotal role in ECM remodeling; for example, FAP+ CAFs can produce TGF-β, VEGF, and multiple matrix processing enzymes [8, 10], indirectly disrupting the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells into the tumor nest.