VCAM1 and brain edema: Results of the present study also revealed that the expression levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, iNOS, and IL-1β were enhanced transcriptionally during the course of 1,2-DCE-induced brain edema, whereas pretreatment of 1,2-DCE-intoxicated mice with PDTC attenuated changes in expression of these inflammatory mediators and the proinflammatory factor (Figure 3A–D).