Endothelial dysfunction can also be evaluated by quantifying specific indicators of coagulation such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), markers of inflammation (e.g. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, or circulating markers derived from the endothelium such as ADMA (asymmetric dimethylarginine). Here, VCAM1 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.