Studies from our laboratories demonstrate that in addition to the signaling pathways described above, increased levels of BDNF activate the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway both in vivo, in the rat PILO model of epilepsy, and in vitro, in BDNF-treated primary cultured neurons [23]. This evidence concerns the gene BDNF and epilepsy.