The extent to which CT-induced processes rely on ectodomain engagement appears model-dependent, since in pancreatic adenocarcinoma L1CAM-FL-CT-induced ERK activation depends integrin binding [23] or can in the absence of a functional L1CAM ectodomain be induced by CT-domain clustering [72], whereas ERK activation is integrin-independent in HEK293 cells [69]. The gene discussed is FLT3LG; the disease is pancreatic adenocarcinoma.