DDX41 and infection: In a further study, the sterilizing immunity or control of infection observed in rhesus macaques immunized with a multi-component vaccine—(multimeric HIV-1 clade C gp160, HIV-1 clade B Tat, and SIV Gag-Pol particles) delivered either systemically or mucosally and challenged orally or intrarectally with SHIV-1157ip, an R5-tropic SHIV encoding a heterologous HIV-C envelope—only correlated with anti-Tat Abs against the N-terminus of Tat [131].