Interestingly, vegfchy−/−;vegfd−/− mutant ventricles were not characterized by an upregulation of classic stress markers associated with pathological hypertrophy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in mammals (e.g., nppa, nppb, myh7 or acta1a)34 (Supplementary Fig. 3). Here, NPPA is linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.