However, the progression of benign tumors initiated by BRAFV600E expression into malignant cancer invariably requires additional events such as silencing of tumor suppressors (e.g. INK4A-ARF, TP53, PTEN, CDX2) or activation of cooperating oncogenes (PIK3CA, CTNNB1, c-MYC) (Charles et al., 2014; Dankort et al., 2007; Dankort et al., 2009; Huillard et al., 2012; Juan et al., 2014; Sakamoto et al., 2017; Trejo et al., 2013; Tsao et al., 2004; Yu et al., 2009). This evidence concerns the gene PIK3CA and neoplasm.