Most of these (n = 47 [41%]) found a link between paternal adiposity (including BMI and high-fat-diet-induced obesity) and obesity- or type 2 diabetes-related offspring outcomes (including birthweight, body fat, BMI, obesity-related gene expression, adipose tissue remodelling, metabolic function, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity). Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.