TGFB1 and cancer: TGF-β1 induces EMT-mediated cancer progression with mesenchymal features characterized by reduced epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) and cytokeratin 19 expression and increase in expression of mesenchymal markers, such as vimentin and S100A4, via the Snail transcription factor, leading to activating collagen type I and MMP2, and the likelihood of lymph node metastasis and a poor survival rate.