While a combination of genetics and the PSA test is useful for predicting the risk of PrCa, very few studies have combined the information on PSA and genes into a multistate disease natural history from the pre-clinical detectable phase (PCDP) to the clinical phase (CP), which is generally modeled by using the data available from various detection modes of mass screening [2,13,14]. Here, KLK3 is linked to pure red-cell aplasia.