KLK3 and pure red-cell aplasia: The aims of this study were to develop a gene‒PSA-guided multistate disease natural history model of PrCa, making allowances for over-detection, on which a computer-based simulated randomized controlled trial was designed and conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing mortality from advanced PrCa, and to assess the utilization of PSA testing in personalized screening programs in comparison with the universal screening program.