As expected, it was observed that prior to vaccination higher amounts of IL-4 cytokines were produced in the subjects that had chronic schistosomiasis (Schisto-infected+HPV) and those that were previously exposed to the infection (Schisto/PZQ+HPV) while the control group (HPV-only) had slightly higher levels of IFN-γ than IL-4 prior to vaccination. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is infection.