VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: An increased concentration of biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction, such as inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin, were observed in hypertensive patients with LVH (Kuroda et al., 2001; Malmqvist et al., 2002).