HMGB1 and ischemic stroke: After ischemic stroke, both glial cells and peripheral immune cells can be activated by a variety of mechanisms, including neuronal “help me” signals, like lipocalin-2 (Xing et al., 2014; Blochet et al., 2018), interleukin 4 (IL-4) (Zhao et al., 2015), and a complex mixture of extracellular proteins functioning as damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), S100B and et al. (Chamorro et al., 2012; Fu et al., 2015; Li et al., 2018b).