Durable clinical responses, including enhanced survival, have been reported with therapeutic blockade of CTLA-4 with ipilimumab, and of PD-1 with pembrolizumab and nivolumab in patients with melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, leading to FDA approvals [28–35]. The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is melanoma.