TNF and head injury: In this regard, the aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) measured once at baseline with changes in the nutritional status of patients with traumatic head injury (THI) assessed at three consecutive times (within 24 h of admission, day 6 and day 13) during their stays in the intensive care unit (ICU).