TNF and hyperuricemia: Zhou et al. found that induction of hyperuricemia in mice was accompanied by infiltration of the inflammatory macrophages and T-cells in the kidneys and activation of inflammatory biomarkers, such as tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) [16].