Increased TNF-α levels reduce PGC-1α and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK4) expression in human cardiac AC16 cells in vitro as well as in heart of TNF1.6 mice, a murine model of cardiac-specific TNF-α overexpression and cytokine-induced cardiomyopathy [112, 114]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cardiomyopathy.