Insulin can activate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signaled regulated kinase ERK signaling pathway through binding to IR/IGF-1R to promote EMT of endometrial cancer, which leads to increased proliferation and invasion of endometrial cancer cells, inhibits apoptosis of cancer cells and promotes angiogenesis of tumors (105). Here, INS is linked to cancer.