IRF5 and Huntington disease: At baseline, autoreactive DSG-positive and non-autoreactive DSG-negative sorted B cells showed distinct mRNA expression profiles for the three pro-inflammatory cytokine genes IL-1β, IL-12p35, IL-23p19, and for the transcription factor IRF5 gene which were found to be overexpressed by the DSG-positive relative to the DSG-negative B cell populations (Figure 1D), whereas no difference of expression of these four genes was evidenced between DSG-positive (107 single cells) and DSG-negative (69 single cells) B cell populations from HD (data not shown).