In colorectal cancer mouse models, TGFβ is a primary mechanism of immune evasion that promotes T-cell exclusion and inhibits CTL maturation, and although PD-1 or PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibition has limited efficacy, TGFβR1 inhibition with galunisertib produces potent and enduring anti-tumour T-cell responses, and rendered tumours susceptible to anti-PD-L1 therapy. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and colorectal cancer.