Atorvastatin-treated substudy participants’ clinical and immunological characteristics collected at entry were as follows: disease duration 0–22 years; 100% with presence of anti-ANA antibodies; 74% with presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies; 18% with presence of anti-Sm antibodies; 30% with anti-RNP antibodies; 67% with low C3 or C4; and 32% with lupus nephritis (Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene C3 and lupus nephritis.