NPPB and heart failure: Using a cut-off value for NT-proBNP of 300 pg/mL (the concentration used to exclude heart failure with 98% certainty in non-dialysis patients presenting with dyspnea) [41], serum NT-proBNP concentrations in the dialysis population are elevated in the order of 3–55 times this diagnostic threshold [42]–[46] (Table 1).