In addition to the important cardiac and physiological correlations discussed previously, cohort studies using a single baseline serum concentration of BNP/NT-proBNP as the exposure have demonstrated that it is a powerful, independent predictor of heart failure [43],[75], sudden cardiac death [11], and both cardiovascular [42]–[45],[68],[76] and all-cause mortality [42]–[45],[68] in ESKD. Here, NPPB is linked to heart failure.