Although it is apparent that multiple strategies for cetuximab-resistance have been assumed in human cancers, the above-mentioned observations and our results showed that active uPAR/integrin β1 signaling in cetuximab resistant OSCC cell lines (Figs 2B and 6A) supports our hypothesis that this pathway may play an alternative role in OSCC refractory to cetuximab treatment. This evidence concerns the gene PLAUR and cancer.