Although Rotenone toxicity, via inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, could be blocked by the anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a putative free-radical scavenger, in both ND and DMD astrocytes (Fig. 2g (i)), NAC significantly decreased mitochondrial ROS only in H2O2 treated ND astrocytes, while DMD astrocytes remained highly ROS positive (Fig. 2g (ii)). This evidence concerns the gene NDUFV1 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.