TNF and temporal arteritis: IL-6 induced VEGF levels from GCA temporal artery explants from basal levels of 7.74 ± 3.45 pg/ml to 107.3 ± 78.4 pg/ml (P=0.062; Fig. 2B), but no effect was observed for IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-8, A-SAA, IL-1β and IL-17 (Fig. 3A–F).