CD4 and cancer: Tsuchikawa et al. observed that neoadjuvant chemotherapy utilizing 5‐fluorouracil and cisplatin in SCC was useful to induce CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes infiltration within the tumor microenvironment and to maintain HLA class I expression levels in combination with its direct cytotoxic effects.51 These data suggest that an elevated level of T cells infiltration within the tumor before the neoadjuvant therapy can be the substrate for a strong immune response induced by the liberation of cancer antigens due to tumor cells necrosis caused by the chemotherapy.