TNF and infection: The nature of an initial bladder infection – self-resolving vs. long-lasting – imparts upon the bladder different capacities for TNFɑ signaling in response to recurrent infection, which in turn lead to different host outcomes: i) a history of a self-resolving infection corresponds with robust, but transient, early-onset TNFɑ signaling that leads to resistance to severe recurrent infection; whereas ii) a history of a long-lasting infection corresponds with robust early-onset TNFɑ signaling that is sustained though 24 hpi and leads to susceptibility to severe recurrent infection.