The 12 PALB2-associated breast cancers with bi-allelic inactivation (two ER−/HER2− and ten ER+/HER2− analyzed by WES) were found to display significantly higher LST scores than the 526 ER−/HER2− and ER+/HER2− non-BRCA1/2/PALB2-associated breast cancers for which LST scores could be determined (P < 0.0001, Mann–Whitney U test; P = 0.0001, bootstrapping-corrected; Fig. 4c). Here, ESR1 is linked to breast cancer.