AKT1 and Hyperglycemia: NOX is activated by phosphorylation though phagocytic particles, physiological or pathological cues such as hyperglycaemia, altered cellular hypoxia, and inflammation (76, 94, 95) Phosphorylation of p47-phox may be mediated by several serine kinases including protein kinase C isoforms, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), cyclic AMP dependent kinase, p21-activated kinases (PAK), PKB/AKT, protein kinase A (PKA), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and non-receptor associated protein kinases (e.g. JAK and SRC) (58, 96, 97).