DC maturation is inhibited in many cancers, as a consequence of secretion of tumor cell-derived immunosuppressive factors, such as IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, IL-6, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (117–119). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.