In upregulated miRNAs such as ssc-miR-664-5p (1 dpi), which has previously shown to become upregulated in bacterially infected lung samples (Podolska et al., 2012), ssc-miR-145-5p (8 dpi) has been revealed to be a potent inhibitor of inflammatory cytokines through its targeting of CD40, can prime macrophages in a M2-like manner, and is implicated in reducing lung inflammation in humans suffering from COPD (Guo et al., 2016; O’Leary et al., 2016; Shinohara et al., 2017; Yuan et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene CD40 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.