Many of the findings emerge from murine models of cancer in which targeting of specific signaling molecules in CAFs resulted in attenuation of tumor growth and metastasis, accompanied by a shift in the T cell responses: In vivo elimination of FAP+ CAFs by vaccination lead to a switch from Th2 to Th1-type immunity, characterized by increased expression of the cytotoxic cytokines IL-2 and IL-7, increased CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration, and diminished recruitment of macrophages, MDSCs and T regulatory cells in a transplantable model of triple-negative breast cancer (75). This evidence concerns the gene FAP and cancer.