While the transcription levels of HK2 and PPARA were unexpectedly downregulated, this might indicate that the high ECAR and OCR levels present in CF M1 macrophages could be due to an increased activity of these enzymes, rather than an increase in protein expression, further work, which is outside the scope of the study, is required to test this hypothesis. The gene discussed is PPARA; the disease is cystic fibrosis.