For example, although autophagy is indispensable in osteoclastogenesis, rapamycin (also named as sirolimus), an autophagy inducer via inhibition of the Ser/Thr protein kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) (164, 165), has been found to reduce osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in a mouse model of arthritis, an effect similar to anti-TNF (by Infliximab) treatment (166). This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and arthritic joint disease.