In addition to the alteration by EBV infection, genetic alterations of several NF-κB regulators including TRAF2, TRAF3, NFKBIA, TNFAIP3/A20, LTBR, and CYLD1 also contribute to the aberrant NF-κB activation in NPC6,8–10. Here, TNFAIP3 is linked to Epstein-Barr virus infection.