Low serum albumin concentration is associated with ischemic heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, venous thromboembolism, atherosclerosis, end-stage renal disease and inflammation, which is consistent with the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and anti-platelet aggregation activities of the protein37,38. This evidence concerns the gene ALB and stage 5 chronic kidney disease.