Surprisingly, CDnir7 staining patterns showed little to no co-localization with microglia/macrophages (anti-Iba1, Abcam, dilution factor, 1:100) in the AD brain cortex (Fig. 4b), but much higher co-localization with astrocytes instead (anti-vimentin, Abcam, dilution factor, 1:100), although staining patterns did not perfectly match due to morphological changes in the sample during IHC processing (Fig. 4c). Here, AIF1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.