CASP3 and neoplasm: Western blot analysis showed that apoptosis-related proteins caspase 3 and PARP were cleaved and activated in LUAD tissues from mice treated with both vismodegib and chloroquine (Figs. 6a; S8), while tumor from mice treated with saline, chloroquine, and vismodegib alone exhibited limited activated PARP or caspase 3.