TNF and hydrops fetalis: A small randomized double-blind trial, which was conducted in a placebo-controlled study with 14 symptomatic HF patients (NYHA III or IV), revealed that a high-dose n-3 PUFA (8 g/day) intake for 18 weeks significantly decreased the lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) released from patients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as improving body weight, suggesting the potential benefit of n-3 PUFA against cardiac cachexia [32].