IRS1 and Alzheimer disease: Interestingly, in both young and middle-aged APPKINL-G-F mice, the concomitant phosphorylation of hippocampal IRS1 at mSer612 and mSer1097 with the activation of AMPK is constantly observed regardless of the presence or absence of the activation of mSer307 or mSer 632/635, suggesting that persistent phosphorylation of mSer612 and mSer1097 accompanied by AMPK activation may contribute to memory dysfunction in AD.