BRAF and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Although all three RAF kinases play important roles in normal physiology, BRAF is the predominant RAF kinase that is altered in many different cancer types; for example, almost 60% of melanomas, 60% of thyroid cancers, 15% of colorectal cancers, and 5–8% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) show BRAF mutations [30].