HK2 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Because it controls the release of cytochrome c, VDAC is a critical regulator of cell apoptosis.23, 25 It has been reported that HK2 promoted the phosphorylation of VDAC and further interacted with VDAC through the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, which maintains the MMP against apoptosis.23, 25 In our research, HK2 knockdown by shRNA increased apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.