INS and osteoporosis: During systemic MSC injection, intensive infusion of insulin, which helped maintain a normal condition, guaranteed the effects of MSCs to treat osteopenia.33 Notably, the one-time injection of insulin at a low dose just prior to MSC infusion could enable MSCs to alleviate osteoporosis in diabetic recipients, which indicated the feasibility of building up a normoglycaemic “window” for MSC transplantation.33