H2AX and carcinoma: The difference of expression between carcinoma and para-carcinoma was assessed by 2-ΔΔ Cycle threshold (Ct) value (ΔCt=Ct(ATR, β-arrestin1 or H2AX)-Ct(18SrRNA), ΔΔCt=ΔCt(carcinoma)-ΔCt(para-carcinoma), Fig 1B).