Since ENKUR was found to interact directly with the p85 subunit of PI3K, which plays an oncogenic role in lung cancer by regulating cancer stem cell growth, survival, and metabolism 23-25, we also investigated changes in the activities of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and its closely-related MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in ENKUR-overexpressed and -silenced cells. The gene discussed is ENKUR; the disease is lung carcinoma.