Our observation that B3 vitamers were inversely related to serum IL-6 and reduced LPS-induced cytokine production when exogenously administered to splenocytes is consistent with studies displaying protection against inflammatory diseases when nicotinamide riboside supplementation is provided, such as during high-fat diet-induced obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and aging (35, 73). This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.